Contemporary Organisations Main Preoccupation Is To Achieve Flexibility Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2176 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction Modern organisations have continuously come to exert and diffuse through human life. Therefore, these organisations need to be flexible and contemporary in order to satisfy the needs of human being. However, some organisations are far behind flexibility and most of them tend to be bureaucratic in nature. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contemporary Organisations Main Preoccupation Is To Achieve Flexibility Business Essay" essay for you Create order If these modern organisations manage to achieve flexibility as one of their main preoccupation, the idea of bureaucracy to certain extent is not applicable. This journal will explain the bureaucracy concept and its limitations, if any, the primary objective of organisations whether to achieve flexibility or not and assess whether this theory is applicable or not. Nature of modern organisations and their bureaucratic nature Probably, Max Webers most prominent work of all time is his theory of bureaucracy. Modern administration and organisation in some degree are increasingly and inevitably bureaucratic according to him. This is true not only in the sphere of state, but in all domains of social life (R. Brubaker, 1984, p20). Well, what is bureaucracy at first place? Bureaucracy means the rule of officials based on rational logic (Giddens, 1997, p286). The expansion of bureaucracy is inevitable in modern societies, therefore bureaucratic authority is the only way of fulfilling the administrative requirements of large scale social systems. In fact, bureaucracy is not only a rational type of human organizations; it has the potential to provide the setting both for constructive human relationships and for individual creative expression and satisfaction (Jaques, 1976). There is an ideal type of bureaucracy as described by Weber (1978): There is a clear cut hierarchy of authority in an organisation whic h means, power tends to be concentrated on top of the hierarchical structure. Each member has a clear view what exactly they have to do, and there is job specialisation within the organisations. There is formalism which the organisation has a formally articulated and differentiated structure and rules are set in order to manage and regulate the whole organisation. There is separation between the tasks of an official within the organisations and the life outside. No members own and have any access to material resources, in the other words; members do not own the means of production. Modern bureaucracy is very effective in organizing and managing large number of people. It can be implemented through the process of continuity and consistency within the members of organisation. Moreover, there is career progression opportunities based on skills and credentials of individual and rewards are based on individuals performance. These skills are the primary factor of the social m obility within the organisation. Universities, political parties, economic enterprises, government agencies, hospitals, armies, are all subject to the inexorable advance of bureaucratization. There is a hierarchical structure on every university, for example. The power of Dean is concentrated on top of this structure. As a matter a fact, there is specialisation of work in which every member from the lecturers, students and even the staffs have their own role to play. Students cannot simply become a lecturer. It also consists of rules and sanctioned systems of procedures. Students must oblige rules set by the university or else, actions will be taken against them. Furthermore, each member do not own the material resources for example, students do not own the lecture notes and books. Government organisations hospitals for example are also bureaucratic in nature. Hospitals can be regarded as one of the most influential institution in human life. They are the one who deliver us i n this world, mark our progress through it and see us out of it when we die (Rowbottom, 1973). Hospitals like universities have their own, unique structure of organisation. Hospitals are large organisation which needs to be managed properly and carefully. Theory of bureaucracy was empirically tested by Hall (1968) in a study of 6 general hospitals in the Netherlands. A preliminary investigation of Halls scales for the dimensions of bureaucracy revealed that there is a hierarchy of authority, presence of rules, procedural specifications, and personnel standards of technical competence (Pool, 1982) which makes up the bureaucratic nature. Just imagine, the world organisations are run without bureaucratic principles? Chaos! People will not be rewarded or promoted based on their performance or skills. All the works done are worthless and the syndrome of nepotism will grow like a riot. Apart from that, most organisations will lack of accountability and integrity as one of the worlds g reatest nemesis bribery will be practiced among all members of organisations. People will do whatever it takes to get a better job, pay or even working condition and bribery is one of them. In fact, people do not have clarity of their job on what they suppose to do and as a result of this, level of turnover and absenteeism will arise. This brings negative impacts not only to the organisation itself, but to the economic growth as well. However these impacts are arguable by some of the sociologists who critique the work of Weber and often exaggerated. The limits of bureaucracy As far as how great bureaucracy is concerned, there are still limitations to it and its rationality. Bureaucracy sometimes regard as a tedious and ridiculous process by most sociologists (Meyer, 1985). There are too many paperwork or often described as red tape within organisations and therefore, a simple problem or issues can sometimes take ages to solve it. This is because, one need to follow certain formal procedures set by the organisation. Not only that, overtly bureaucratic organisations can lead to internal failures of functioning due to rigidity, inflexibility and uninvolving nature (Giddens, 1997). In fact, there will be an iron cage phenomenon where workers are dehumanized, alienated and impersonated (Mitzman, 1971). This is because they do not have any access to the material resources and means of production. They cannot throw any ideas or suggestions to the higher authority and their opinions are usually neglected. Furthermore, bureaucracy does not encourage any extra i nitiative, innovation and creativity as certain people only specialised in certain type of tasks. As a result of this, numerous organisations are overhauling themselves to become less, rather than more hierarchical and move towards a new approach of organisational design (Lawrence, 1958). Organisations are more flexible Modern industrial societies demand a more contemporary and flexible approach of organising a company rather than traditional, rigid approach. Flexibility here means there is room for advancement and improvement with a more fluid and mobile approach. Flexibility according to Atkinson (1984) can be divided into three types. The first one is the functional flexibility, where employees are assigned to different roles required by the market demand, not only one specific role described by Weber. Second one is the numerical flexibility which is the use of flexible contracts to allow staff fluidity responding to market needs. The last one is the financial flexibility where resourcing systems are used to allow cash flow flexibility. These three features are essential for contemporary organisations in order to satisfy the needs of their employers and employees. Organisations in modern society heavily depend on specialisation of knowledge and transmitting of information. Business corporati ons for example rely on these principles in order to compete with one another in a global marketplace (Caplow, 1964). There is always need for every large corporations to achieve flexibility because of the positive implications for workers in that particular corporations. There will in depth of job design and higher degree of specialisation can be learned by the workers. In fact, there will be clarity of goals, room for promotions and higher degree of accountability. There is also a room for creativity and empowerment which one can unleash their own potential and ideas. There will be a massive improvement in communication and interaction patterns between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat managers and lower class workers. Lower class opinions and ideas are important to the company as managers maintain close relationship towards them. As modern times required development of technology and information, people are now demanding more free time and flexibility in their life and the refore organisations must work to achieve that. Evidence shows that all successful companies are leading towards flexibility and without bureaucracy features at all. Google and Microsoft for example are two big, successful companies which influence human life a lot. Google is one of the largest search engines on the internet and Microsoft dominates the market from computer software to video games. So, what make them so successful? Flexibility of course! Their policies are very simple. People and workers have flexible working hours which they can choose from. Not only that, they can even work from their house due to development of technology. This is called as home office. People tend to spend more time at home working rather than have to follow all the bureaucracy principles like going to the office and attend a meeting. This is because; they can have a meeting through a technology called teleconferencing and skype video call from one person to another (Tilly, 2008). There are no c ertain rules to follow and managers can approve a certain contract or proposal through e mail. Their salaries are paid based on work basis. As long as the workers manage to accomplish a task and do their work, they will get paid which is fair enough to the modern world. This shows that without bureaucracy, organisations can become successful when they achieved flexibility. Anthony Giddens (1997) and Lyotard (1985) come out with an idea of Japanese model a model on how to run a business in modern world. Japanese companies such as Toyota, Mitsubishi, Honda, Sony and Canon are rapidly growing and become some of the largest companies in the world with a short span of time. These companies diverge from the Webers theory in several ways. For example, they practice bottom up decision making. They do not form any type of authority as Weber portrayed but, workers are consulted about policies and top management regularly meet with them. Secondly, there is less specialization of job but increasingly rotation and diversification of job. One person can actually acquire the skills of another and this can increase the productivity level of the company, thus minimizing social silos. Thirdly, there is job security which means that pay and responsibility are geared to seniority rather than competitive struggle for promotion. This will provide fairness and equity to the workers. Not only that, there is group oriented production rather than individual positions and this can challenge the iron law of oligarchy. By merging the work with private lives, management can provide for many of their employees needs and in return is their loyalty to the firm. Based on this particular evidence, the theory of bureaucracy is no longer applicable as organisations stray away towards flexibility, they become more independent, successful and less conflict arise within the organisation. Bureaucracy and flexibility need each other Giddens quote are networks involving a large amount of bottom up decision making, the path to the future, taking people completely away from Webers more pessimistic vision? (Giddens, 1997, p301). Well, such view needs to be revised again. Bureaucratic system nowadays in fact, is more fluid and less hierarchical forms of organisation. According to Foucalt, big organisations today are nowhere. This is because; some corporations remain strongly bureaucratic and centred in certain country. So, there is a milestone way to achieve flexibility and therefore the idea of bureaucracy is still applicable to certain extent. Most presumably the ideal type of organisation is when organisation managed to achieve flexibility and at the same time maintains some of the bureaucratic features. For example the Horizontal Organisation which is introduced by Ostroff (1999). In this model of organising, there is a bureaucratic role incorporated in specific value adding process. For example, job rotat ion and specification. Workers need to master certain skill for certain period of time before moving to other types of work. There is reward on the basis of performance without competition within age groups. Everybody has equal chance to get promoted. In contrast with that, Morgan (1998), in his idea of Contingency Theory claims that there is no best way to organize an organisation. Instead the optimal course of action is contingent and dependent upon the internal and external situation. In fact the appropriate form of organizing depends on the kind of task or environment one is dealing with. Conclusion Well, as mentioned earlier, it is wrong to say that bureaucracy is now diminished through the modern world. Bureaucracy is now more fluid and becoming more applicable to modern sciences. Only few large corporations manage to achieve flexibility and become successful. There is still no evidence on what will happen to them in the next 10 20 years. As a conclusion, even though few organisations manage to achieve flexibility like Google, it is still uncertain how long they can maintain their prestige and success. Only if flexibility is achieved, the ideas of bureaucracy maybe rejected to certain extent because if the idea is rejected completely, the organisations will not run completely and smoothly as they would have been because, somehow, they still need the bureaucratic features in the management and corporations.

Similarities and Differences Between Romeo and Juliet and...

1. How does civilization breakdown as time passes in RJ and LOTF? †¢ Montague and Capulet families have been bitter enemies for generations. †¢ Bitter hate even extend to the families’ servants who open the play fighting in the streets. †¢ Arguments end up in fights resulting in murder, followed by revenge and more murder – Tybalt kills Mercutio, Romeo kills Tybalt despite knowing that Tybalt is his new wife’s cousin. †¢ Juliet finds out that Romeo kills her cousin, but tolerates it. †¢ Juliet would rather die than marry Paris †¢ Romeo kills Paris †¢ Double Suicides – First Romeo, then Juliet after she wakes up †¢ No Parents are around for maturity and authority after the children arrive at the island †¢ Jack goes from hesitating to kill a pig†¦show more content†¦His gang grows more violent as they hunt more †¢ When Simon was coming back after his illusions with the â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, he is viciously attacked for being mistaken as the â€Å"beast† and is killed as a result †¢ At the end of the novel, Ralph was being hunted and was to be killed by Jack’s gang 5. Justice is weaker than hate in RJ and LOTF †¢ Because of the public feud between the two families, Romeo and Juliet has to keep their love and marriage secret †¢ Tybalt’s murder by Romeo is tolerated by Juliet †¢ Both lovers committed suicide for each other †¢ Ralph wanted to build more shelters and signal fires, but Jack disagreed and wanted to hunt †¢ Ralph, Piggy, and Simon wanted peace and cooperation, but Jack and his gang wanted violence †¢ Piggy and Simon died tragically, and Ralph was about to be killed as well 6. The quest for a good society is lost in RJ and LOTF †¢ Montague and Capulet families have been bitter enemies for generations. †¢ Families hate for one another even extended down to their servants and their friends. †¢ Each lovers’ parents were bitter and unforgiving which they did not hide from their children. †¢ Murder, Revenge, more murder, and suicide developed †¢ It finally took the deaths of their children to get the Montagues and Capulets to stop fighting. 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Organic and Inorganic Free Essays

Organic and Inorganic Evidence Johana Maria CRJ 311 Forensics Henry Johnson July 31, 2011 Organic and Inorganic Evidence In this paper I will decribe the difference organic and inorganic evidence. Compare the strengh and weakness that each have. The significance of either organic or inorganic evidence as it travels through the justice system from the crime scene to prosecution. We will write a custom essay sample on Organic and Inorganic or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the example of inorganic evidence is paint and glass. This two are the most important evidence that contains inorganic compounds. Paint tends to be inorganic in nature. The white, red, yellow pigments of paint is inorganic by nature. Organic compounds are based on carbon these are found only on living things. Inorganic is the opposite it doesnt come from living things its from synthetic fibers like polyester or nylon are carbon based but are not found in plants or animals. From a forensics science point of view both inorganic and organic compounds are very important when found in items of evidence. Organic compounds are extracted from living beings while inorganic compounds are created either due to natural processes or   in the laboratory. Inorganic compounds contain metal and other elements while organinc compound contain carbon. Another example is that inorganic compounds can make salt while organinc does not. Organic compounds are biological and inorganic are mineral in nature. Organic compound can form long and complex chain of molecules(hence form polymers) whereas inorganic compound does not have this capacity. Organic compound are source of energy for human life(as food) whereas inorganic compound act as catalyst. Inorganic trace evidence, which includes hairs, fibers, tool marks, allistics, glass, paint and other evidence that might be found on or around a crime scene. The second is organic trace evidence, which refers to trace evidence that comes from a human or animal. Fluid is organic compound. If is left at a crime scene this most likely will include saliva,semen,sweat, and vomit which it can be run through a large amount of test at the medical examiner lab. One of these is polymarking which is DNA. Fluids might also tell the examiner that if the fluids they found might have any type of disease or defect. It will also tell whether it was a male or female. In some cases fluid might give law enforcement an idea of how the crime occurred. Another exmple of inorganic evidence would be feces the composition varies widely depending upon the diet and health of the defecator, but broadly speaking fecal matter consists of water, inorganic salts, food residues, amino acids and digestive enzymes, cellulose and fiber; mucus, blood, bacteria, and parasites are also commonly present. There has been no reports of any scientific study undertaken to determine the health effects of customary shit-eating, but from the standpoint of contagion it is probably not a great deal more (though certainly it is not any less) dangerous than the consumption of semen, menstrual blood, etc. , all of which, as noted above, may be risky. Reference http://www. chem. kuleuven. be/research/coord/coc_eng/generalinfo/coc. htm Saferstein, R. (2011). Criminalistics: An introduction to forensic science (10th Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc http://www. interpol. int/public/forensic/ifs How to cite Organic and Inorganic, Papers

Consumer Behavior Organizations Procedures

Question: Discuss about the Consumer Behavior of Organizations Procedures. Answer: Introduction Consumer behavior is defined as the study regarding the groups, individuals and the organizations and the procedures that are used in order to select, use, dispose and secure the services, products, ideas and experiences in order to satisfy the requirements and the affects that these procedures have on the society and consumer (Potter 2012). Before this assignment, I have done another assignment on the topic How Marketers Change Consumer Behavior. During performing this first assignment, I had just started to study this marketing course and had just started to understand the subject. But now it has been for long time I am studying the subject marketing. Therefore, doing this second assignment seems to be much easier for me. Reflection on Change in Point of View My first or previous assignment was regarding the marketing topic How Marketers Change Consumer Behavior. The first assignment was done just after I have joined the course. Thus, my idea and knowledge regarding the particular topic as well as the subject was not much strong. During my first assignment, my concept was not so clear regarding the topic, thus I quoted that Marketers are responsible for influencing the consumers to buy their products. But in actual I should write this with a real life example in order to explain the statement in details. In my previous assignment, I mentioned that the marketers understand the need or demand of the customers and based on this the marketers manufacture the products or provide services. However, I did not mention that the marketers generally analyze their target markets based on the concept of segmentation, targeting and positioning. All these were due to the lack of understandability and knowledge regarding the topic. Nevertheless, in the r ecent days, with the passage of time I have gained knowledge thus it has helped me to change my reflection and also my point of view regarding the topic. Impact of Reading on Understanding Marketing It is commonly said that the practical knowledge is more important than theoretical knowledge. However, for my case, it is true that the theoretical knowledge helped me a lot in understanding the field and the subject. I was a layman and thus I had no ideas regarding the particular topic or field. I used to think that the selling and marketing is a similar matter. However, after studying the course, I came to know that the aspect of selling and marketing is totally a different factor. The term selling is defined as the last step of the commerce chain where a purchaser generally exchanges the cash for service and / or good of a seller, or it is defined as the activity of trying to bring about this (Otnes and Tuncay-Zayer 2012). On the other hand, marketing is defined as the activities of an organization that are associated with the purchasing and selling of service and/ or goods (Posner 2011). The department of marketing management of an organization looks after and handles various se ctors that is selling, advertising and also delivering of the goods to the people. Generally, the people who works in the marketing department of the organizations try to obtain attention of the target customers by using the packaging design, slogans, general media exposure and celebrity endorsements. The marketing concept is mainly consists of 4 Ps of marketing mix. These are - place, product, promotion and price (Malhotra 2013). By reading various books, articles and journals I have gained more knowledge. In addition to this, I have studied various terms and terminologies of marketing from the internet. This unlimited source also helped me to learn and gain more knowledge regarding the subject. The books from which I learned more or it can also be said that the books that helped me to learn and understand the subject as well as the topic and also helped me to gain more knowledge include Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller. Reflection on Doing Things Differently In this course I have studied various units of marketing. This includes attention and comprehension, product knowledge of the consumers and the involvement, consumer decision marketing, influencing the behavior of consumer, classical and operating condition, product strategy and consumer behavior and market segmentation and positioning of product. Attention and comprehension In this unit I learned about the behavioral procedure of exposure that helps the consumers to come in contact with the information of marketing. This unit also helped me to understand the interrelated cognitive processes of attention that guides the customers to select some of the marketing information for future processing. On the other hand, comprehension helps the customers to interpret the meaning of the collected marketing information. Generally the concept of attention and comprehension are strongly influenced by mainly two internal elements. These are the level of involvement of the customers and the knowledge structures that have been activated in the exposure condition (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2011). These factors are liable for influencing the ability of the customers and their motivation in order to interpret the information. For example, the behavioral procedure of exposure of the brand Patagonia helps its customers to come in contact with the marketing information. Product Knowledge of the Consumers and the Involvement In this unit, detailed study of the affective responses of the customers and also the cognitive responses to the goods has been highlighted. Generally, the customers do not purchase products in order to get attributes. However, the consumers think about the goods in terms of their undesirable and desirable consequences advantages and distinguished risks (Kotler and Armstrong 2014). The attributes of the product of an organization or a brand can be related to their personal consequences and self relevant consequences, objectives, values and needs. I have noted that attributes of some of the products are strongly related with the values and consequences and it has also been noted that some of the products are weakly related with the self relevant consequences. These are termed as high involvement and low involvement products. Therefore, for instance, it can be said that the products of the brand Patagonia are strongly related with the values and consequences. Thus, it can also be said that the products of the brand Patagonia is considered as the high involvement. Consumer decision marketing The procedure of buying decision of the consumers is composed of 5 steps. These include recognition of problem or recognition of need, information search, alternative evaluation, purchase decision, post purchase behavior. In this unit of consumer decision marketing, I learnt about various topics of marketing like internal stimuli, external stimuli, functional need, social need, need for change, Maslows hierarchy of needs, internal information and external information. In terms of consumer decision marketing, the consumer decision making is an important aspect as by this process the consumers can identify their requirements and demands, can collect information, can evaluate the alternatives and can make the decision of purchasing (Kerin, Hartley and Rudelius 2011). Usually, these actions are identified by economical and psychological factors and are influenced by various environmental factors like social, group and cultural values (Pride and Ferrell 2012). For instance, the tag lin e of the brand Patagonia influences the customers regarding decision making and thus it helps in consumer decision making. Influencing the behavior of consumer The behavior of the customers can be influenced by various factors. This helped me to learn and to gain more knowledge in the field of marketing. These include purchasing power of the consumers, group influence, personal preferences, economic conditions, marketing campaigns, benefits and attitudes of the consumers, perception of the consumers regarding the brand and its products and services (Keegan and Green 2013). It also includes motivation of the consumers also affect their buying nature, psychological factors, personal factors such as occupation, age, lifestyle, economic situation, personality, social factors include family, reference groups, roles and status and cultural factors like culture, social class and subculture. For instance, the tagline of the brand Patagonia has also positively affected the behavior of consumer. Classical and operating condition This unit helped me to study both the operant and classical learning. These learning are the psychological procedures which will lead to learning (Kotler and Keller 2012). This learning indicates the process that changes the behavior of the consumers. These include emotions, actions, responses of glands and muscles, thoughts and results from practice or experience. In case of the brand Patagonia, these learning help to classify the demands of the customers based on their actions and emotions. Product strategy and consumer behavior The product strategy is the establishment of a product life-cycle and the implementation plan for future development. This strategy allows a business to zero in a particular target audiences and put highlight on the customer and product attributes. Thus, it can be said that product strategy is related with the consumer behavior as depending upon the strategy of the product, the consumers decide whether to buy a product or not (Hood 2013). Therefore, it can be said that from this particular unit, I learned about the concept and importance of product strategy and consumer behavior. For example, the consumers decide to buy the products of the brand Patagonia depending upon the product strategy of the brand. Market segmentation and positioning of product In this unit I also gained knowledge about the concept of market segmentation and positioning of product. The concept of market segmentation is defined as the market strategy that includes the division of a wider target market into subsets of businesses, consumers and countries that have. It can also be defined as the target market that has common interests, priorities and needs. Thus, the marketers design and implement the various strategies in order to target them. Therefore, it can be said that in case of market segmentation, the marketers divide a market into many segments depending on the age, nature of the consumers, demographic and economic status of the customers (Hawkins and Mothersbaugh 2013). On the other hand, the positioning of product is defined as an important element of the marketing plan. The marketers use this element in determining the best method of communicating the attributes of products to their target consumers on the basis of the needs of the customers, compe titive pressures, and availability of communication channels and carefully design the primary message (Elliott, Rundle-Thiele and Waller 2012). For example the products of the brand Patagonia are spread across the country due to its good product positioning. In addition to all these units of marketing, I studied the unit named advertising and promotion. As I get interest in studying this subject, I studied this additional unit from which I came to know the importance of advertising and promotion in marketing and selling a product. This study will help me in my future studies and better understanding of the subject. Functions of Marketing Specialist When any organization needs unique and big ideas in order to raise the profits by increasing the sales of products and/ or services, they take help of the marketing specialist with the aim to assist the brainstorming and also implementation of news campaigns of marketing (Cateora, Gilly and Graham 2013). The marketing specialists develop, monitor and execute the plans of marketing by providing advice and direction regarding reaching the target market. The marketing specialists also help in overseeing a market campaign with marketing coordinator and marketing manager (Baines, Fill and Page 2011). However, it has been found that sometimes the duties of the marketing coordinator and the marketing manager overlap with each other but the duty of marketing specialist mainly highlight on a singular task. Nowadays, the marketing specialists play the supportive role; perform the duties starting from analysis of the market to the coordination of the events of marketing (Aaker 2013). Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that by studying all these units my concept regarding marketing and selling of products and/ or services have changed. Earlier I used to think there is no specific strategy for selling products but by these units provided me huge knowledge about marketing and selling and came to know that there are various strategies and concepts that guide an organization to perform better and also to earn profit. However, if I become a marketing specialist in future, then I will work across all the departments of an organization in order to fulfill the objectives of the firm. References Aaker, D. (2013).Marketing research. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Baines, P., Fill, C. and Page, K. (2011).Marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cateora, P., Gilly, M. and Graham, J. (2013).International marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Elliott, G., Rundle-Thiele, S. and Waller, D. (2012).Marketing. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley and Sons Australia. Hawkins, D. and Mothersbaugh, D. (2013).Consumer behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Hood, D. (2013).The marketing manifesto. London: Kogan Page. Keegan, W. and Green, M. (2013).Global marketing. Boston: Pearson. Kerin, R., Hartley, S. and Rudelius, W. (2011).Marketing. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2014).Principles of marketing. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2012).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lamb, C., Hair, J. and McDaniel, C. (2011).Marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Malhotra, N. (2013).Review of marketing research. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Otnes, C. and Tuncay-Zayer, L. (2012).Gender, culture, and consumer behavior. New York: Routledge. Posner, H. (2011).Marketing fashion. London: Laurence King Pub. Potter, N. (2012).The library marketing toolkit. London: Facet Publishing. Pride, W. and Ferrell, O. (2012).Marketing. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Tennessee Williams And The Southern Belle Essays -

Tennessee Williams And The Southern Belle Mary Ellen P. Evans Dana Smith THEA 393 11/23/99 Tennessee Williams and the Southern Belle And such girls! . . . more grace, more elegance, more refinement, more guileless purity, were never found in the whole world over, in any age, not even that of the halcyon . . . so happy was our peculiar social system- there was about these country girls . . . mischief . . . spirit . . . fire . . . archness, coquetry, and bright winsomeness- tendrils these of a stock that was strong and true as heart could wish or nature frame; for in strong and true as heart could wish or nature frame; for in the essentials their character was based upon confiding, trusting, loving, unselfish devotion- a complete, immaculate world of womanly virtue and home piety was their, the like of what . . . was . . . never excelled, since the Almighty made man in his own image . . . young gentleman, hold of, . . . lay not so much as a finger-tip lightly upon her, for she is sacred. (qtd. Bernhard, Southern Women 4) She did not move. Her eyes began to grow darker and darker, lifting into her skull above a half moon of white, without focus, with the blank rigidity of a statue's eyes. She began to say Ah-ah-ah-ah in an expiring voice, her body arching slowly backward as though faced by an exquisite torture. When he touched her she sprang like a bow, hurling herself upon him, her mouth gaped and ugly like that of a dying fish as she writhed her loins against him. (Faulkner 126) The quotation from George W. Bagby's The Old Virginia Gentleman (1885) presents the southern belle on her pedestal in a typical nineteenth-century description. The second quotation from Williams Faulkner's Sanctuary (1931) describes the lurid nymphomania of Temple Drake, a more extreme example of the fate of the modern southern belle. The metamorphosis began abruptly around 1914, and since then, Tennessee William's has presented three southern belles: Amanda Wingfield, Blanche DuBois and Alma Winemiller in the plays respectively The Glass Menagerie, Streetcar Named Desire and Summer and Smoke (Abbott 20). Early on, writers saw the belle as their ideal South, pure and noble. However, more self-conscious and critical modern writers like Mr. Williams use the darker side of the belle- to symbolize the indictment the Old South or to describe the new. Characteristics that will be examined to exemplify the new belle and consequently the South are narcissism, illusion/memory and rape. First, what exactly is a southern belle, and why did she change to the present southern belles of Williams? The belle is a young, unmarried daughter of a landed (and thus aristocratic) family, who lives on a great plantation. She is an ideal woman who would be sanctioned by Victorian morality and by the southerners' image of the home as a constant standard of order and decency (Dillman 17). The notions of their aristocratic origins assured that the belle would be protected from reality, championed, and wooed. In addition, the realities of plantation life were well suited to the idealization of women, since women were kept isolated from the world by the nature of their life. The lucky, young girl had few tasks except to be pretty and charming. After marriage, she was expected to become a hard-working matron who supervised, nursed and mothered (Avia, WebRing). The reasons for the changes from this proper Victorian belle to the southern belle of Tennessee Williams are both cultural and psychological. When the traditional southern myths clashed with the forces set loose by World War I, the South's fantasies about itself no longer provided the sanctuary of values that had been sufficient for sixty years after the Civil War. World War I unleashed a chasm of industry, anxiety, death and doubt (Roudane 49). Artists, always the creators of order, had to begin to reorder the world and break up the idles of the old world. Thus the myth disintegration began in poetry, in fiction, in histories, in scholarship, and in the drama (Bynum 5). The beauty ethic of the South prefers its lovely women to be charming and flirtatious, coquettes who

Free Essays on The Incidence of Tuberculosis Among Low Income People

Background i. Statement of the problem People in economically disadvantaged positions living in medically under-served communities are at an increased risk for tuberculosis. The disease does continue to be a barometer of poverty and race, but there are other significant factors associated with the incidence of TB. Studies in South Africa suggest that those qualified as black or coloured had significantly less access to health care, and thus stood less chance of being diagnosed than their white counterparts (Andersson 1990). Those in this disadvantaged condition tended to suffer disproportionately from other socio-economic related medical factors, such as malnutrition and incidence of HIV/AIDS that are closely linked with the incidence of TB. The pattern is similar in other countries, including the USA. The problem in the United States is that there is limited population-based data on TB by social class (Lifson et al. 1999). There is even less data on the incidence of seeking medical care between the onset of symptoms and the visit to a medical center. The incidence of TB is indeed higher among low income people because they are less likely to seek medical care. But the objective of this study is to suggest that there are other critical factors in the complex social dimension of public health problems associated with TB. These will be discussed in parts iii and iv of this section. ii. Literature review During the 1980s and 1990s, there have been dramatic transformations in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States (Bloch et al. 1996). As TB morbidity began to increase in 1985, after an all-time U.S. low, a significant number of studies were begun to explain the phenomenon. Some of the conclusions of this study will be based on the extensive current literature attempting to explain this recent increase in TB morbidity. Two of the most important factors have been the available evidence on HIV co-inf... Free Essays on The Incidence of Tuberculosis Among Low Income People Free Essays on The Incidence of Tuberculosis Among Low Income People THE INCIDENCE OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG LOW INCOME PEOPLE Introduction This paper explores whether the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is higher among low income people because they are less likely to seek medical care. It investigates two urban districts that compare in terms of race and income level, these being Harlem and West Central, USA. To determine the role of race and economic disadvantage in the incidence of tuberculosis in these geographic areas, ethnographic methods were used to analyze the information. It appears that there are significant race and class dimensions to the incidence of tuberculosis in these areas, but there are other confounding factors – such as (human immunodeficiency virus) HIV and the times at which sufferers sought medical help. This study suggests that there is a pressing need to improve our understanding of the socio-economic aspects of problems affecting public health, such as TB in the United States. Background i. Statement of the problem People in economically disadvantaged positions living in medically under-served communities are at an increased risk for tuberculosis. The disease does continue to be a barometer of poverty and race, but there are other significant factors associated with the incidence of TB. Studies in South Africa suggest that those qualified as black or coloured had significantly less access to health care, and thus stood less chance of being diagnosed than their white counterparts (Andersson 1990). Those in this disadvantaged condition tended to suffer disproportionately from other socio-economic related medical factors, such as malnutrition and incidence of HIV/AIDS that are closely linked with the incidence of TB. The pattern is similar in other countries, including the USA. The problem in the United States is that there is limited population-based data on TB by social class (Lifson et al. 1999). There is even less data on the incidence of seek... Free Essays on The Incidence of Tuberculosis Among Low Income People Background i. Statement of the problem People in economically disadvantaged positions living in medically under-served communities are at an increased risk for tuberculosis. The disease does continue to be a barometer of poverty and race, but there are other significant factors associated with the incidence of TB. Studies in South Africa suggest that those qualified as black or coloured had significantly less access to health care, and thus stood less chance of being diagnosed than their white counterparts (Andersson 1990). Those in this disadvantaged condition tended to suffer disproportionately from other socio-economic related medical factors, such as malnutrition and incidence of HIV/AIDS that are closely linked with the incidence of TB. The pattern is similar in other countries, including the USA. The problem in the United States is that there is limited population-based data on TB by social class (Lifson et al. 1999). There is even less data on the incidence of seeking medical care between the onset of symptoms and the visit to a medical center. The incidence of TB is indeed higher among low income people because they are less likely to seek medical care. But the objective of this study is to suggest that there are other critical factors in the complex social dimension of public health problems associated with TB. These will be discussed in parts iii and iv of this section. ii. Literature review During the 1980s and 1990s, there have been dramatic transformations in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States (Bloch et al. 1996). As TB morbidity began to increase in 1985, after an all-time U.S. low, a significant number of studies were begun to explain the phenomenon. Some of the conclusions of this study will be based on the extensive current literature attempting to explain this recent increase in TB morbidity. Two of the most important factors have been the available evidence on HIV co-inf...

The Cask Of Amontillado Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Cask Of Amontillado - Essay Example The design in which the author brings out his message in the Cask of Amontillado story would be that people should always be careful whenever they are talking bad about other people. The issue of trust is also quite common in this story (Poe, 23). The author’s main point is primarily from Montresor who is the story’s main character. Alternatively, the author shades light on how Montresor exacts his revenge throughout the story and his self-satisfied reaction to the outcomes of the tragedies (Poe, 28). As readers of the story, the readers might be tempted to judge Montresor as a cold-blooded murder and an unreasonable character since his presentation to us is his poor motivations. However, there is the other side of Montresor where he has good will pretense and has careful Fortunato manipulation, which generally indicates care upon the planned Fortunato’s death. The readers have also a classic Poe’s case as an unreliable narrator. Throughout the story, his guilt and irrational nature tends to stop him from presenting himself as a truthful narrator to the reader (Poe, 40). On a closer inspection of the story, it is quite evident that Montresor has a black sense of humor. This character amuses the horrified reader especially when he directs Furtunato into his trap. By doing this, Montresor informs the audience regarding his intentions thus before the start of the story of his happenstance with Fortunato. On the other hand, Poe employs both dramatic and verbal irony in conveying the darkness of the Cask of Amontillados story. Verbal irony in this case is used to illustrate how the speaker contrasts his literal meaning with the speaker’s actual message. Alternatively, Montresor’s dialogue use in the story demonstrates the use of verbal irony (Poe, 35). There is also the aspect of dramatic irony in which the author uses throughout the story. Dramatic irony is generally as a result of disconnection which mainly occurs

Paul Krugmans Why Inequality Matters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paul Krugmans Why Inequality Matters - Essay Example As a function of this, Krugman specifically focuses upon the gap between the rich and the poor, and the fact that this gap has been widening in the past several decades. In such a manner, the following analysis will seek to encapsulate the main arguments that are presented within the piece, discuss the relevance to the current form of governance that is being represented throughout the United States, and reference the impacts that this may likely have on international relations in the future. Through such a discussion and analysis, it is the hope of this particular author that the reader will be able to come to a more informed level of understanding and appreciation for the way in which such a seemingly unrelated piece can have a profound impact upon the way in which the United States could potentially interact with the world in the near future. The primary argument that Krugman represents is that the increased focus upon inequality is not the result of a top-down engagement of polit ics from a more socially minded government; rather, the focus upon inequality in the differential between â€Å"the rich and the rest† is the result of the fact that individual stakeholders within society have become more aware that runaway greed, inequality, and a reckless level of oligarchy have defined the way and the manner in which capitalism is represented within the United States (Krugman 1). As a means of delineating this new approach, Krugman draws upon the recent mayoral race in New York itself. Such gabber and unapologetic socialist being able to defeat all other candidates in an election can only be described as somewhat surprising in the face of what is currently known about American politics. Moreover, Krugman calls to the reader’s mind the understanding that a definitive shift to the left is taking place in the way in which President Obama is administering the nation, referencing the Affordable Health Care Act, the proposed expansion of Social Security, and a litany of other instances as proof of this. Whereas it may not immediately be seen, the salience that all of this has to international relations has to do with the fact that the United States will likely not continue to lag behind the rest of the world with regard to the overall importance that social spending has within any given budget. For years, the United States has spent a far smaller portion of its annual budget on social programs as compared to many other highly developed and wealthy nations throughout the globe. Yet, as Krugman notes, a shift is currently taking place that will likely see this trend reversed. Although this may not clearly point to a change in international relations, it must be noted that a further level of focus upon social programs and social spending domestically will inherently decrease the amount of money that is available for intervention and military engagement with the remainder of the world, thereby making the United States potentially more d ocile and less aggressive as regards direct levels of hard power that it would be willing and able to project throughout the world. From the information that has been presented, the only level of criticism that can be levied against Krugman’s interpretation is the lack of bipartisanship that he retains. Whereas discussing this issue from purely an economic or societal standpoint would have been effective, Krugman instead seeks to utilize his particular point of view as a talking point in support of President Obama. Although this is certainly allowable in terms of an opinion editorial piece, a far more effective level of engagement would have been to approach the issue of inequality from an

Receiving Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Receiving Higher Education - Essay Example I am a graduate of the College of Education for Home Economics and Arts and I have acquired some experience in handcrafting and fashion design. I volunteered for summer activities for a charity foundation, some of which I actively participated in the planning process. I worked at one of Saudi Arabia’s largest firms where my job description included planning and management. Working with a team to look for means on how to improve employee performances and manage human resources was fascinating and the experience sparked my interest in public relations. Furthermore, the team was indulged in project analysis and plan examinations. I helped plan entry strategies, expansion, and diversification, as well as company businesses. As part of the team, I have carried out preliminary feasibility studies. I studied the details of the organizational structures of one of the largest manufacturers of automatic doors and determined what needed to be restructured for the benefit of the employers and the company. I also studied their system, taking note of the strengths and weaknesses and I also helped redesign it. Since I did not have sufficient training in the aforementioned tasks, I relied on internet sources for the knowledge I needed on planning techniques and management skills. I searched reliable sources like articles, news reports and online books that informed me a lot about planning and management.Building relations with individuals in the community has also been a key focus of mine.

Trends And Development Of Malaysian Media Essay

Trends And Development Of Malaysian Media Essay What is animation. Wyatt defines animation is the image that is manipulated in frame by frame, and when moved quickly will produce the illusion of movement. Nowadays, animations have many type forms such as animated films, television series, live-action films, advertisements, corporate videos, video games and others. These had shown that the animation is not only stop in traditional areas of television animation and advertising but a step forward into areas such as web design, educational courseware, interactive comics, architecture, 3-D holograms, virtual reality and mobile games. (Hassan, 2008). The animation growth in Malaysia is still unstable. The government plays an important role in the development of the animation industry. Malaysian animation industry had influenced by the United States and Japan animation because of the early development of animation. Its present growth is hindered due to many factors such as the lack of skills, local identities in animation and due to small domestic market. The objective of this study is to investigate the influences of the United States and Japan animation industry on the development of Malaysian animation industry. We will also discuss the challenges and opportunities in the Malaysian animation industry. 2. History of Animation The development of animation start from very early age and originated from the cavemens cave painting (Stephenson, 1967). The cave painting shows a sequence of separate seems like a film strip. The cave drawings are originated during the Palaeolithic age (Stephenson, 1967:24). After that, physician John Ayrton invented the thaumatrope in Paris, 1825 (Jamalludin Zaidatun, 2005:6). Thaumatrope was invented as an entertainment device which can make two still images become a persistence of vision by twirling the strings. Another device using the idea of persistence of vision invented by Joseph Plateau and Simon Stampfer in 1830 called the phenakistoscope, in the meaning of deceptive view in Greek. The phenakistoscope is a toy which using a disc that contains a series of continuous images with in-between of each image with a metal rod placed in the middle (Jamalludin Zaidatun, 2005:7-8). In 1834, William Horner in England had invented zoetrope which same principles as the phenakistoscop e. Before name of zoetrope, it called the Daedalum (wheel of the devil). Zoetrope differences with the phenakistoscope is the series of images is placed with a metal drum. The metal drum rotate faster, the animation becomes clearer and smooth (Jamalludin Zaidatun, 2005:9). The praxinoscope was introduced by Charles Emile Reynaud after 43 years zoetrope invented. He combined the principles of the zoetrope and phenakistoscope (Jamalludin Zaidatun, 2005:9-10). The praxinoscope was the last of development of early animation techniques (Stephenson, 1967; Wells, 1998). Then, John Barnes Linnett, an inventor of flip book in 1968 who basically did not use or create any specific devices unlike others. The method of flip book is still being use at nowadays in the modern animation. Modern animation with the development of computer hardware and software, allowed animators spend less time on hand-drawing and increase the quality of the animation. D:Visual CultureToyStory[3].jpgD:Visual Culturereboot_characters.jpg Fig. 1 Reboot (1994) Fig. 2 Toy Story (1998) Before the emergence of advancing computer technology, animation is being hand-drawn so called the technology of cel animation, but now it fully digitalize and produced into 3D animation. It helps reduce physical effort and increase the quality and speed of producing animation effectively. The details and visual effects become more fine and complex compare with the cel animation. 3D visual technology which was previously limited to 2-dimensional views of the x and y axis have seen, an additional of the z axis is representing the third and newest dimension. 3D digital content is including the use of computer graphic image (CGI) and it finally came out the very first CGI technology animation series Reboot (1994) and the first 3D animation, Toy Story (1998). 2. The United States and Japan Animation Development of animation has inspring the two countries, the United States and Japan (Mohd Amir Mat Omar Md Sidin Ahmad Ishak, 2011). These countries animations grow mature and leading the way and inspiring the development of animation in other countries, including Malaysia, such as Walt Disney Animation Studio, Pixar, Studio Ghibli and Toei Animation. With the advancement and capabilities of computer technology, allowed other countries have the opportunities to grow slowly and become minor competitors. They cannot overturn the animation industries of United States and Japan although they have the capabilities, but the animations from countries have their own respective animation history according to their places origin. 2.1 A Comparison between American and Japanese Animation The difference between American and Japanese animation can be described in simple way is the narrative and the visual. The narrative of American animation is more direct than the Japanese one which tells the story in a veiled way. Additionally, the narrative of American animation follows the formula of a happy ending to guarantee acceptance by the audience, however, Japanese animation tries out different story lines and narratives for different groups of audiences. Secondly, on the one hand, American animation draws in clear lines, uses bright, vivid colours, full of fantasy, colourful and with funny characters and background designs. Sometimes the audience feels the lively rhythm when watching. On the other hand, Japanese animation is made in watercolour-like, freehand-like fashion with the pale colours that convey a sense of the hand-drawn traces. Studying American and Japanese animations history and industry structure, and analysing their successful productions may help further develop other animation industries such as the Malaysian one. On the one hand, American animation has the safety of the narrative and the genre is suitable for children and families. This kind of narrative and genre is also safe for an animation industry which still finds itself in the beginning stage such as in Malaysia as it reduces the risks when making an animation production. In addition, since Malaysians have an English language advantage, it is much easier to get animation knowledge from American companies such as Disney and Pixar. Seefood The Movie  that stars a couple of sharks is that its Malaysias first 3D animation movie in English and its style also similar like the production of Pixar, Finding Nemo (2003). On the other hand, the uniqueness of Japanese animation provides many options to other animation industries in the world. Japanese animation has a wide range of genres which includes even the erotic and its target audience is not only children. That is part of the reason why nowadays Japanese animation has developed on the scale we know. This wide range of genres of Japanese animation has inspired Malaysian animation to find its own identity through the story content, narrative, editing and/or conceptual, but not necessarily visual, style. 2. History of Malaysian Animation For Malaysia animation history, wayang kulit and traditional literary has a great influence to the Malaysian animation. The Malay word wayang means shadow. Shadow play is said to have its origins in Inida, China, Egypt, Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia), Turkey and Europe. Wayang kulit are said to one of the earliest animation in Malaysia because it is a traditional Malaysian theater staged operas, combined oral narrative and performing arts into a piece. Hassan Muthalib (2003) points to wayang kulit as the first known example of animation. While in performances, puppet operators are sitting behind the white screen, the screen is marked light; performers are performing through the puppets and mouth telling various stories from the folk literatures. Puppet shadow show on the screen, combined with the perfomers voice, much like the art of Chinese shadow play. In fact, appearance on the screen of wayang kulit that used by the animator is in the early 1926. German animato r Lotte Reiniger used the form of wayang kulit, created her first feature film called The Adventures of Prince Achmed. Many Malaysian animators have credited The Adventures of Prince Achmeds recognizable style for generating their initial interest in animation. Malaysian animation also influenced by traditional literary. It divided intro aristocracy sponsor and appreciation in writing literature, as well as ordinary people who eulogized oral folk tales. Development of both is at the same time. The written literatures are strongly containing feudalism, mainly palace life; oral folk tales, including the story that origin of animals, customs, heroes, and in some areas. Subsequently, these elements are using in Malaysia movies, shows, modern literature, such as animation, comic and more. The visual arts are widely used. Writing literature and folk literature have played a big role in Malaysia animation. For example, the animated film Hikayat Sang Kancil, a short film produced by Anandam Xavier in 1978 which adapted from the story of mouse deer. Mouse deer in Malaysia and Indonesia is very famous, it is the size of the feline, legs and tail like a deer, the body and head like mice and often teases other small animals. With the appearance of anim ated film Hikayat Sang Kancil, a few titles Sang Kancil Monyet, Sang Kancil Buaya, Gagak Yang Bijak, Arnab Yang Sombong and Singa Yang Haloba which ranged from 1984 to 1987 came out (Mohd Amir Mat Omar Md Sidin Ahmad Ishak, 2011). Development of Malaysian Animation Malaysia animation productions are still in the process of developing. Most of animations which have been aired in Malaysia are either from the United States or Japan because of the influences of early development of animation. However, the development of technology in computer hardware and software has allowed and offered the local developers a space to be creative and a helpful tool in developing the industry towards maturity and international standard. Thus, animation in Malaysia began in 1946 through the establishment of the Malayan Film Unit but now known as Filem Negara (Hassan, 2003). Animation was only limited to moving text and objects. Malaysia animation began to develop commercially around the 1990s with the appearance of Usop Sontorian animated series in 1995 and Silat Lagenda animated film in 1998. Since the publication of the animated series Usop Sontorian in 1995, the animation sector growing with the appearance of many television series, films and telemovie related to animation. This is an exciting development among ASEAN countries, as Malaysia did not have a big and strong studio compared to Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia (Hassan, 2008). Malaysia has produced close to sixty animated television series and films. However, the growth and development of animation have slowed down from 1987 to 1994 and from 1996 to 2007 (Mohd Amir Mat Omar Md Sidin Ahmad Ishak, 2011). The first gap of the development of Malaysia animation begin from 1987 after the end of Anandem Xaviers, producer of Hikayat Sang Kancil, work to 1995 when Kamn Ismail of Kharisma Production produced the first animated series, Usop Sontorian(1995).The acceleration of animation is due to Malaysia government pushes for the use of digital technology in animation production (Hassan, 2003). In the meanwhile, animation also have appeared in other forms as text and advertisements but were simple at the time and only used minor for increase the attraction of films or advertisement. The second gap is the lack of printed media on Malaysian animation. After Usop Sontorian broadcast out, a number of animation series have appeared, such as Keluang Man, Yokies, Anak-anak Sidet and more. Unfortunately, Malaysia encounter economic crisis that appeared in 1998 and why animation production has slowed down. 3.1 The Recent Animated Features In Malaysia, there is a lot of talent in the field of animation and it is comparable to overseas. Thus, the animated film War of The Worlds: Goliath, it certainly opened the eyes of the world to Malaysia where able to produce an animated film quality and international standards. The development of local animation show remarkable improvement every day. Animated series such as Upin Ipin, BoboiBoy and Seefood between local products should be proud of as full use of the expertise of Malaysian. However, Malaysian also identified no less pleased with the production of the animated film War of The Worlds: Goliath (WOTWG) that will find in theaters on November 2012. Production Tripod Group of Companies (Tripod) published WOTWG under layer in Kuala Lumpur and Los Angeles, United State of America, an animated first local generated in 3 dimensions (3D) with combined stereoscopic 2D cell hybrid technology and computer generated imagery (CGI). This is the first project resulting Tripod with Kevi n Eastman cooperation with the originator of the famous animated series, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles as publishing executive Chief Executive Employees and co-founder of Tripod, Leon Tan serves as a major publisher. The film gets a touch of the director, Joe Pearson who is not arbitrary because the individual has 30 years of experience in the field of animation Hollywood. The author was David Abramowitz previously been involved in the famous television series Highlander. Although the main stem is external energy certainly has expertise in animation production, more than 200 of the 300 workforce-oriented science-fiction films produced is Malaysian. Interestingly about this movie, it has already won the Best Film Award at 3D Animation 3D Film Festival Los Angeles in September. WOTWG victory sweeter when beating other Hollywood movies that is equally as ParaNorman, Madagascar 3 and Tinker Bell. WOTWG comic adapted from HG Wells writing this 100-year-old also screened at the San Diego Comic Convention, July. The film received funding and support from Malaysia Venture Capital Management (Mavcap), Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC), the creative industry loan fund bank and CG visual effects of the National Film Development Corporation (Finas). Overall, WOTWG has put a new benchmark that local creative energy is already ready to explode 3D content creation globally. 4 Challenges The lack of training and skills Lack of conventional training such as drawing, painting, layouts and story-boarding for animation production might have been the main reason for many small and poorly produced local animations especially during the starting years of this industry. Malaysian film industry is due to small domestic market One of the major challenges facing Malaysian film industry is due to small domestic market. While in the programs rating for television broadcast, film that achieve 2 million viewers are already considered a successful film. It is evident that most successful animation industries that achieve export potential are those with huge home-based markets like Japan, not to mention Disney and Pixar. The animation industry in Malaysia is a small industry in terms of the quantity of films produced annually as well as its contribution to the economy. The main challenge faced by the local industry as a result of globalization is mainly from the influx of foreign film products. As a commitment to embracing the open market and globalization, Malaysia does not protect the importation of foreign products. Foreign films are free to enter the local market under minimal requirements. First, it has to pass through the Malaysian Film Censorship Board, which is the government authority that is responsible for granting licenses to the film for public viewing, and second is to provide subtitles in the Malay language (Rosnan, 2012). Other than the rules and regulations stipulated under the Film Censorship Act, films from any country are free to enter the Malaysian market. To a certain extent, the local film industry is affected by foreign products that undermine the local films in the local market. In Malaysias case, the indigenous film industry is striving to compete with foreign films in the local market. In this circumstance, it is obvious that it will be tougher for the industry to compete in the international arena. Furthermore, it is especially difficult for local films to compete with big-budgeted foreign films. Lack of local identity Malaysia animation industry also greatly influence by American and Japan animation, a initial evidence was the farming out of ink and paintwork in 1985 to Lensafilm, a commercial film studio (Hassan,2003). This scenario eventually brings Malaysia personnel to undergo training in Toei Animation, Japan and influenced physical aspect in certain ways of Malaysia Industry. Animation styles and techniques have been confined to the classical tradition but the emphasis by universities and colleges on research and development has led to the exploration of alternative methods. The early days of animation tended to copy, in particular, the Disney or MGM (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio) styles of animation. One studio, Lensamation, did out-sourcing work for Toei and other Japanese studios, resulting in a whole generation of animators who indulged in the anime tradition. Many studios are still using the contemporary American style of animation as they find that it looks good and is easier to market. But character design and animation in the style of Johnny Bravo, Power Puff Girls and Sponge-Bob Squarepants appears to be standard for the digital generation and local producers are taking the cue. The PIXAR-style highly-stylised animation and design is also the trend for computer games and web-based content both for local industry and out-sourcing as clients and audiences seem to relate to the form. Hassan (2004) described the relationship between student animation projects and identity of Malaysia various heritages and races. In his citation, currently Malaysia neither distinctive animation trend nor local identity (Hassan 2008). At the same time, Hassan also did not specifically mention cultural identification identify within Malaysia Animation. Hence, it would be a long ways effort to understand how culture is portrayed in Malaysia animation. It has been argued that competition in animation business is very stiff with developed and Western countries dominating global animation business. Opportunities Animation from the United States and Japan are taking over the television channels in Malaysia. In fact, these animations are come as cultural products which are different values for Malaysians. With the Malaysia culture influence of Upin and Ipin, a proud and strong impression of the advancement of Malaysian animation may leave on Malaysians and change their though for the Malaysian animation. Mickey Mouse and Dragonball which Malaysians watching since young may find the emergence of Upin Ipin, as local animation able to portray local environment, it provides proposal for character characteristic that define our motherland country. The effort started with Usop Sontorian , the first local tailor made movie for Malaysia market. The production of Kharisma Production under cartoonist Ujang and director Kamn Ismail have leading Malaysia market by Upin Ipin and Boboi Boy. Story As we said just now, the wide range of genres of Japanese animation has inspired Malaysian animation to find its own identity through the story content, narrative, editing and/or conceptual, but not necessarily visual, style. Seefood The Movie  is jointly produced by Silver Ant Sdn Bhd and the Al-Jazeera Childrens Channel (JCC), with a grant from the Science, Technology and Innovation Ministry and also support from the Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC). Seefood The Movie  is the Malaysias first 3D animation movie in English. Seefood has been compared with Finding Nemo (Fig. ) by Pixar because both of them have a similar story line, background setting, and graphic design. Although Seafoods visual and style is not better than Finding Nemo, but the difference lies in the core concept. Finding Nemo focuses on the family, whereas Seefood focuses on the environment and humanity. Although Seefood has a happy ending, the difference in core concept shows the influence of Japanese animation on Malaysian animation while the story was being written. As mentioned, one of the major differences between American and Japanese animation is the story concept. American animation is always focusing on the family a nd the main target audience is children, however, the target audience of Japanese animation is both children and adults and their story concept could be any topic or social issue. However, good looking does not mean good overall. There is still room for improvement, especially as far as editing, music and storytelling are concerned. Government Support International producers are taking advantage of the emergence of the new international division of cultural labour by searching for cheaper production costs in foreign countries. As in the case of FDI(Foreign Direct Investment) in Malaysia, which has contributed to economic growth and provided externalities, the government foresees that similar benefits would accrue to the film industry by attracting foreign film producers. However, neighboring countries, including Thailand and Singapore, also have the same strategy. Malaysia should have a competitive advantage in competing with other countries for foreign film projects. This is not easy, as the government has to formulate policies and provide an incentive structure that is attractive to foreign producers. In Malaysia, it is estimated that 200 companies are under a program called Creative Content Centre set up by the government including those involved in the field of animation (Mohd Amir Mat Omar Md Sidin Ahmad Ishak, 2011). Another support program called the MSC (Multimedia Super Corridor) Malaysian Animation. All of these companies are in need of help and support, especially from the government because animation in Malaysia still not strong as in the United States and Japan, they may not stand on their owns without direct aid from the government. So, the establishment of Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) and Multimedia Development Corporation (MDec), which aims to advance the field of information technology and multimedia including creative multimedia is very significant. A total of RM750 million fund has been allocated for this purpose and is made available to developers of video games, visual effects and animation (Mohd Amir Mat Omar Md Sidin Ahmad Ishak, 2011). D:Visual CultureWD_geng_Meluncur.jpg Fig. 4 Geng: Pengembaraan Bermula (2009) Success of Upin Ipin animation is the best example can be seen revenue initiatives and support provided by the MSC and MDeC. This animation has become a huge phenomenon not only in Malaysia, but outside countries such as Indonesia, Turkey, Brunei, and Thailand. Similarly, the diversity in Malaysia film industry. Animation films are seen as global products and easily directed towards enticing global audiences. After so long upon the presence of a film that is capable to displaying the trule Malaysia, it finally came out. Watching Geng: Pengembaraan Bermula(2009), Les Copaque Production took Malaysians to a great exploration of nature and amazing. By simply based on the popularity of the television series Upin Ipin that aired on television, this animated film turned out to be able to bring people from all ages and races together to watch it in a theater. Movie Geng: Pengembaraan Bermula(2009) has grossed RM6.3 million revenue run in cinema (Maimunah, 2009) and this has brought a new phenomenon in local animation industry. In addition, collaboration between Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC) with Al Jazeera Childrens Channel (JCC) in publication of 26 series episode at Saladin television (Al Bawaba, 2007). With the achievement made by a local production house, Les Copaque Production Sdn Bhd, the government is optimistic that locally, Malaysians have the capability to benefit from the animation sector. Nevertheless, to compete in the animation sector would mean that the industry is competing with big-budgeted giant global players like Pixar and Disney. This is a challenge for a relatively small industry. Thus, government support is deemed necessary, as the local producers are definitely not in the same league as other global film players. Conclusions In the case of the Malaysian animation industry, it is acknowledged that the local market is small and that the market size of a nation dictates the budget for animation production. Hence, to compete with big-budgeted foreign animations is not a feasible option. Rather, the industry should venture and compete in an area where it has a competitive advantage. One area that local people have shown their capability is the animation sector. Les Copaque Production was the first private production house that produced 3-D animation and was very successful in the local market. Their products have subsequently been marketed internationally. In 2009, their animation series is now available on ASTROs Disney Channel. This proves that local people are actually capable of developing their own film products. In another area of animation, Malaysia has skilled people that are capable of taking up outsourcing jobs. With the relatively cheap cost of labour, Malaysia should attract global animation clust ers such as Disney or Pixar to outsource their production of animation work. Local public and private universities are offering more animation and multimedia related courses for students. Every year, quite a number of students graduate from animation related courses. Taking advantage of the emergence of the new international division of cultural labour will provide employment opportunities, especially for new graduates. The government plays an important role in nurturing and promoting the development of the indigenous film industry through its policy and regulatory framework. The government, through FINAS, has taken the necessary action to promote the development of the indigenous film industry. Nevertheless, much needs to be done to ensure that the governments funds are properly channeled and used in the most efficient way. In most animation, culture is reflected through different areas. Some are reflected by the physical appearance of character and even the language they speak. As yet, distinctive animation trend is seen in Malaysia that can be considered unique or having a local identity. However, it is a global trend in which if better understood, the more benefits we can get from animation. Animation can become a powerful business tool with its impact but importantly as well is the fact than the culture and identity of a nation can be shared through the animation.

Black holes :: essays research papers

black hole, in astronomy, celestial object of such extremely intense gravity that it attracts everything near it and in some instances prevents everything, including light, from escaping. The term was first used in reference to a star in the last phases of gravitational collapse (the final stage in the life history of certain stars; see stellar evolution), by the American physicist John A. Wheeler. Gravitational collapse begins when a star has depleted its steady sources of nuclear energy and can no longer produce the expansive force, a result of normal gas pressure, that supports the star against the compressive force of its own gravitation. As the star shrinks in size (and increases in density), it may assume one of several forms depending upon its mass. A less massive star may become a white dwarf, while a more massive one would become a supernova. If the mass is less than three times that of the sun, it will form a neutron star. However, if the final mass of the remaining stellar core is more than three solar masses, as shown by the American physicists J. Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland S. Snyder in 1939, nothing remains to prevent the star from collapsing without limit to an indefinitely small size and infinitely large density, a point called the "singularity. At the point of singularity the effects of Einstein's general theory of relativity become paramount. According to this theory, space becomes curved in the vicinity of matter; the greater the concentration of matter, the greater the curvature. When the star (or supernova remnant) shrinks below a certain size determined by its mass, the extreme curvature of space seals off contact with the outside world. The place beyond which no radiation can escape is called the event horizon, and its radius is called the Schwarzschild radius after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild, who in 1916 postulated the existence of collapsed celestial objects that emit no radiation. For a star with a mass equal to that of the sun, this limit is a radius of only 0.9 mi (1.5 km). Even light cannot escape the black hole but is turned back by the enormous pull of gravitation. It is now believed that the origin of some black holes is nonstellar. Some astrophysicists suggest that immense volumes of interstellar matter can collect and collapse into supermassive black holes, such as are found at the center of some galaxies.